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The differential is a component found in the drivetrain of many vehicles, especially those with rear-wheel drive or all-wheel drive systems. Its primary function is to allow the wheels to rotate at different speeds (hence the name differential) while maintaining power distribution from the engine to the wheels. This is essential when the vehicle is turning, because the outer wheel travels a longer path than the inner wheel so it needs to rotate a different speed.

How the Differential Works

The differential receives torque (rotational force) from the vehicle's transmission and splits it between the two wheels. This allows each wheel to rotate at a different speed, resulting in smooth turns.

Here's a 1937 video about how differential steering works in case you're a more visual learner (or you enjoy classic movies complete with an informative, yet over-the-top, narrator).

Types of Differentials

There are different types of differentials. Some of ones you may hear about include:

• Open Differential - This the most common type, but it doesn't provide torque to the wheel with the most traction. If one wheel loses traction, the open differential may allow it to spin freely.
• Limited-Slip Differential (LSD) - A Limited-Slip Differential is designed to address the traction issue of open differentials. LSDs provide some torque to the wheel with traction, reducing wheel spin.
• Locking Differential - Some off-road or high-performance vehicles use locking differentials. These systems lock both wheels together so there is  an equal distribution of torque when maximum traction is needed.

In 4WD and AWD systems, differentials are often found in both the front and rear axles. Certain makes and models also have a center differential to manage torque distribution between the front and rear axles.

Differential Maintenance

Checking and changing the differential fluid will assist with optimal differential performance and longevity. The differential fluid lubricates the gears and bearings inside the differential.

Here's why maintaining the differential and its fluid is important:

1. Lubrication:

   • Differential fluid lubricates the gears and bearings within the differential, preventing metal-to-metal contact. Adequate lubrication reduces friction, wear, and heat generation during operation.

2. Heat Dissipation:

   • The differential can generate significant heat during operation, especially under heavy loads or during prolonged periods of driving. Proper differential fluid helps dissipate heat, preventing overheating and potential damage to internal components.

3. Wear Prevention:

   • Clean and high-quality differential fluid helps prevent premature wear and damage to gears, bearings, and other critical components. Regular maintenance and fluid changes are essential to avoid excessive wear that could lead to costly repairs.

4. Performance Optimization:

   • Maintaining the proper fluid level and using the recommended differential fluid contribute to optimal performance. Smooth operation of the differential ensures efficient power distribution and contributes to the overall drivability of the vehicle.

5. Contaminant Removal:

   • Over time, contaminants such as metal particles, dirt, and debris can accumulate in the differential fluid. Regular fluid changes help remove these contaminants, preserving the integrity of internal components and extending the life of the differential.

6. Seal Preservation:

   • Differential fluid also plays a role in preserving the integrity of seals within the differential. Properly sealed differentials help prevent fluid leaks and maintain the overall functionality of the differential.

7. Noise Reduction:

   • Adequate lubrication provided by differential fluid helps reduce friction and noise generated by the rotating gears. Proper maintenance contributes to a quieter and smoother operation of the differential.

8. Preventing Differential Failure:

   • Neglecting differential maintenance, including fluid changes, can lead to differential failure. A failed differential can result in drivability issues, loss of power to the wheels, and expensive repairs.

Regular differential maintenance, and the use of high-quality differential fluid, are essential for preserving the functionality, reliability, and longevity of the differential. It's advisable to consult the vehicle's owner's manual and adhere to the manufacturer's recommended maintenance schedule for optimal performance and durability.

Should you need differential service in Puyallup, WA, contact 15th Street Automotive. We can inspect your differential and replenish its fluid when the time comes to change it. While the design and features of differentials vary depending on the type of vehicle and its intended use, such as everyday commuting, off-road driving, or high-performance applications, the overall purpose is the same: assist with how the wheels spin and manage turns. The team at 15th Street Automotive is happy to assist with your differential service needs.